Estimation of crop residue in China based on a Monte Carlo analysis

Accurate crop residue resource estimation is important for bioenergy development.This is done by the ratio of residue to grain(R/G),which is usually regarded constant and is widely used for crop residue estimation though uncertainty is inevitable in practice.In this study,a Monte Carlo algorithm was applied to estimate national crop residue by R/G taken from published reports in China.The estimated result was further mapped in pixels by geographic information system.In2009,the amount of crop residue was found to be 802.32 million tons(Mt),with 679.36 and 947.28 Mt as the lower and upper limits for 95%confidence limits.Chinese crop residue was dominated by rice,wheat,and corn,accounting for74.57%(598.29 Mt).From 1949 to 2009,the amount of crop residue increased by four times,accompanied by component change.The spatial distribution of crop residue in China is markedly heterogeneous.Compared to the shortage of crop residue in northwest China,there is an abundant crop residue of about 334 Mt in eastern China,attracting 90%of the country's electricity or heat generation plants.     

Mapping and evaluating sugarcane expansion in Brazil’s savanna using MODIS and intensity analysis: a case-study from the state of Tocantins

In Brazil, the main biofuel crop is sugarcane, and with its rapid expansion, there is much debate about what land uses and land covers it is replacing, and what are the associated environmental and social impacts. Some argue sugarcane is mainly replacing cattle pasture, thus having minimal impacts on native vegetation and small-scale family farming. In contrast, others claim sugarcane is replacing cropland traditionally under soybeans, rice, beans, and corn. Thus, food security is negatively affected and small-scale family farming livelihoods and culture are threatened. This is a proof-of-concept paper illustrating methods contributing toward the resolution of such debates. First we map land use and cover change in areas undergoing sugarcane expansion using satellite data from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer); second, we test the hypothesis that sugarcane is replacing traditional annual crops using intensity analysis, via a case study of land change in the municipality of Pedro Afonso, Tocantins in northern Brazil between the 2008–2013 crop years. Maps matched reference data with overall agreements between 87–91%. Intensity analysis confirmed sugarcane is replacing annual crops much more than cattle pasture and other land uses and covers, pointing to particular economic and social processes driving land change.     

我国典型秸秆露天燃烧黑碳的高时间分辨率排放特征及其排放清单

农作物秸秆燃烧是大气中黑碳(black carbon,BC)气溶胶的主要来源之一。目前农作物秸秆燃烧排放黑碳的研究主要集中在通过离线样品分析获得的BC排放特征,缺少实时在线排放特征的研究。本研究收集了我国具有代表性的4种农作物秸秆(小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和大豆秸秆),通过在实验室燃烧平台模拟农作物秸秆露天燃烧的过程,利用黑碳仪获得农作物秸秆燃烧过程中BC的实时浓度排放变化;利用质量重建,获得BC在线排放因子。结果表明:农作物秸秆在明燃过程中BC的排放因子较为稳定。通过平均排放因子的计算,获得小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和大豆秸秆的BC排放因子分别为(0.32±0.05) g?kg~(-1)、(0.31±0.13) g?kg~(-1)、(0.31±0.09) g?kg~(-1)和(0.44±0.01) g?kg~(-1)。在排放因子的基础上,结合我国农作物秸秆露天燃烧量,最终建立了2015年我国省级(不含港澳台地区)典型农作物秸秆燃烧的BC排放清单。     

云南玉溪烟区轮作与连作土壤细菌群落多样性比较研究

为评价云南玉溪烟区轮作和连作对土壤细菌群落多样性影响,从土壤中直接提取土壤细菌总DNA,用细菌16S rDNA特异性引物进行PCR扩增和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE),每个处理样品3次重复,在DGGE图谱中相似性较高,基本聚在一起,从整体证明了试验操作方法较为精确.从泳道分析图可知,轮作土壤细菌群落各泳道条带数量13～29条不等,平均为21条.连作土壤细菌群落各泳道条带数量从4～20条不等,平均为12条.从每条泳道的条带数方面和光密度值分别进行细菌群落多样性各指标的比较,结果表明,轮作处理细菌群落丰富度指数均大于连作处理,轮作香农-威纳和辛普森指数(1/D)均大于连作,表明轮作微生物多样性较连作高,轮作方式可以提高植烟土壤细菌群落的多样性.     

吉林省主要农作物病虫害风险防御区划

农作物病虫害风险的研究,对有效防御病虫害发生、制定相应的防御对策及有效评估病虫害造成的损失有重大意义。利用吉林省50个县市的玉米、水稻和大豆产量、面积资料,及相应各站1961-2009年主要病虫害——玉米螟、稻瘟病、大豆蚜资料,根据灾害发生的频数确定病虫害影响指数,分析了各因子的影响程度。通过将各因子极差化处理,计算出综合风险防御指数,对吉林省主要农作物病虫害高、中、低风险防御区进行了区划评估。     

近50年东北地区春玉米干旱的时空演变特征

利用东北地区70个气象站点1960-2007年间的逐日气象资料,计算了作物水分亏缺指数(CWDI)并划分了干旱等级;利用ArcGIS软件,绘制了东北地区春玉米种植区的干旱等级时空分布图,对各个年代和生育期的玉米干旱灾害时空分布特征和演变趋势进行了分析。结果表明:在春玉米生长季内,玉米的需水量与降水量均呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势7,月下旬达到峰值,在4-6月和9月份水分亏缺指数(CWDI)值较高,易引起玉米发生干旱。     

贵州烟区生态条件及烤烟质量状况分析

以贵州烟区气候、土壤等生态因素和烤烟外观、物理、化学及感官质量的数据资料为基础,分析了该区9大植烟区域生态条件及烟叶质量状况.结果表明,贵州烟区海拔高度差异悬殊,具有大田期气温适宜,降雨充沛,日照充足,空气相对湿度高等特点.植烟土壤pH值适宜,有机质含量丰富,具有较强的保肥能力;氮素、磷素含量适中,钾素则难以满足烟株需求;土壤交换性钙、镁比值适宜,有效硫含量较高;多数微量元素含量丰富.但有效硼和水溶性氯含量缺乏.烟叶外观质量较好,香型以中间香型和偏清香型为主,香味的亲和力好.燃烧性强,配伍性高,但物理特性和化学成分间的协调性与国外优质烟区相比尚有差距.     

Factors affecting the adoption of multiple climate‐smart agricultural practices in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains of India

Climate change poses a major threat to agricultural production and food security in India, and climate‐smart agriculture (CSA) is crucial in addressing the potential impacts. Using survey data from 1,267 farm households in 25 villages from Bihar and Haryana in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains, this study analyzes the factors that determine the probability and level of adoption of multiple CSA practices, including seeds of stress‐tolerant varieties, minimum tillage, laser land leveling, site‐specific nutrient management and crop diversification. We applied a multivariate probit model for the simultaneous multiple adoption decisions, and ordered probit models for assessing the factors affecting the level of adoption. The adoption of the various CSA practices is interrelated, whereas several factors, including household characteristics, plot characteristics, market access and major climate risks are found to affect the probability and level of CSA adoption. Climate‐smart agriculture (CSA) adoption and its intensity also vary significantly between eastern Bihar, which is relatively poor and densely populated, and north‐western Haryana. Engaging multiple stakeholders such as farmers, agricultural institutions, agricultural service providers and concerned government departments at the local level is crucial for the large‐scale uptake of CSA. The study, therefore, calls for agricultural policy reforms so that most of the issues related to the uptake of CSA can be adequately addressed.     

废弃物基水热炭改良对水稻产量及氮素吸收的影响

生物炭农田回用是实现农林废弃物资源化利用和碳封存的有效手段.近年来,水热碳化技术由于在炭产率、能耗及生产过程中的烟气排放等方面显著优于常规热解碳化技术而受到关注.为实现农林废弃物的资源化利用,明确水热炭农田应用对作物生产力的影响,本研究通过原状土柱模拟试验和表征分析,研究了4种不同类型改良水热炭对两种典型土壤的水稻产量和氮素吸收的影响及可能的驱动因素.结果表明,锯末水热炭和秸秆水热炭经物理或生物改良后,在两种类型土壤上均能够增加水稻产量和氮素吸收,减少氮素损失,且其效应不受水热炭添加量影响（5‰,15‰;质量分数）.与对照相比,水热炭添加处理的产量和氮素吸收量分别提高9.2%~20.7%和7.7%~17.0%.高C/N比的锯末水热炭更有利于高肥力土壤水稻氮素吸收量的增加;而低肥力土壤由于限制性因子较多,受水热炭类型的影响较小.通过对水热炭的表征分析发现,其表面养分元素丰富;水洗或生物改良后其表面孔隙结构有较大改善,C元素相对含量明显降低,N和O元素相对含量明显增加,这对养分的固持/供应可能产生影响.因此,水热炭改良后孔隙结构的改变和N、O元素含量的增加可能是其施用后水稻产量和氮素吸收增加的关键驱动因素.结果说明,水热碳化材料改良后应用农田可以在实现农林废弃物资源化利用的同时,提高作物生产力,减少农田氮素环境损失.     

塔里木盆地东南缘绿洲区土壤砷空间分布及农作物砷富集特征

以新疆塔里木盆地东南缘的巴音郭楞蒙古自治州的若羌县、且末县和和田地区的民丰县、于田县的绿洲区为研究区,采集表层土壤3487组、土壤剖面采样点35组,农产品及根系土壤采样点93组,综合采用数理统计方法、地统计学和GIS技术,研究土壤As的空间分布特征,探讨各类农产品对As富集的影响,比较空间自相关性显著区域和空间自相关性无显著区域内农产品和根系土壤中As的含量特征.结果表明土壤As含量较低,农用地和非农用地土壤As含量均值分别为9. 81mg·kg~(-1)和7. 94 mg·kg~(-1).表层土壤As含量超过新疆土壤背景值的采样点个数为568个,占总取样点数的16. 3%;超过风险筛选值的采样点个数为5个.土壤As空间自相关的莫兰指数均大于0,空间聚集类型主要以高-高型和低-低型为主,其中高-高型聚集区主要位于各县农用地范围内.GIS空间分布显示,土壤As含量高值区呈片状集中或岛状零散分布.标准差椭圆显示,若羌县土壤As含量变化趋势方向为南北方向,且末县和民丰县土壤As含量变化趋势方向为西南-东北方向,于田县土壤As含量变化趋势方向为西北-东南方向.若羌县农用地土壤垂向剖面上As含量从地表到深层存在波动,其余各县都相对稳定.研究区农作物对As的富集能力表现为:根茎类蔬菜核桃小麦玉米红枣,玉米和红枣的As含量与根系土的As含量在0. 05水平下呈现显著正相关.空间自相关性显著区和空间自相关无显著区的农产品中的As含量无显著性差异,而两个区域根系土壤的As含量存在显著性差异.